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[Editor's Pick] Current Optics and Photonics Vol. 9 no. 2 (2025 April)

사무국 hit 117 date 2025-04-25

High-harmonic Generation in van der Waals Two-dimensional Materials

Dasol Kim, Alexis Chacon, and Jonghwan Kim*

 

Current Optics and Photonics  Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025 April), pp. 95-107
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2025.9.2.95

 

Transverse cross section of the proposed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design, and the extended view of the slotted porous core.

Fig. 1  Schematics of high-harmonic generation in van der Waals (vdW) 2D materials:
(a) Commonly used vdW 2D materials. (b) Experimental configuration of high-harmonic-generation measurement.

 

 

Keywords: High energy photon sources, High harmonic generation, Solid state physics, Strong-field, light-matter interaction, van der Waals 2D materials
OCIS codes: (040.7480) X-rays, soft X-rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV); (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics; (160.4330) Nonlinear optical materials; (190.0190) Nonlinear optics; (320.0320) Ultrafast optics


Abstract
High-harmonic generation (HHG) in gases has long enabled tabletop access to coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray radiation. More recently HHG has been extended to the solid-state realm, offering potential advantages such as higher conversion efficiency, tunability via band-structure engineering, and integration with photonic devices. Among emerging solid-state platforms, van der Waals (vdW) two-dimensional (2D) materials—e.g., graphene, transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and black phosphorus—exhibit pronounced quantum confinement, strong excitonic effects, and valleyselective dynamics. These properties yield unique HHG signatures, including polarization dependence, extended harmonic orders, and topological effects. This review summarizes fundamental mechanisms of HHG in vdW 2D materials, key experimental breakthroughs, and state-of-the-art theoretical approaches. We discuss exciton-driven enhancements, Berry-curvature-induced polarization, and device-integration challenges. We also highlight prospective directions, such as advanced ultrafast spectroscopy and applications in attosecond science, underscoring the rich opportunities and persistent challenges in harnessing strong-field light-matter interactions in 2D quantum materials.

 

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